South Carolina – Indians, Native Americans – Cherokee

Name, Language

• Alternate spellings: Ani'-Yun'wiya, Tsalagia, Keetoowah
• Possible meanings: "people of a different speech" or "the principle people"
• Language family: Iroquoian

Current Status

• Active - The Eastern Band in North Carolina and the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma are officially recognized by the United States Government. Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquios, and United Tribes of South Carolina were recognized in 2005 as a group by the state of South Carolina. Currently active in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas.

Contact Information

• Cherokee Bear Clan - chartered by the state of South Carolina on June 29, 2006 and are working to be recognized as a Tribe
  

  Post Office Box 1014
  Walhalla, SC 29691
  

• Cherokee Nation

  Post Office Box 948
  Tahlequah, OK 74465
  Phone: 800-256-0671
  Email: webmaster@cherokee.org
  Website

• Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

  Post Office Box 460
  Cherokee, NC 28719
  Phone: 800-438-1601
  Email: cherokeeinfo@cherokee-nc.com
  Website

• Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquios, and United Tribes of South Carolina

  Post Office Box 7062
  Columbia, SC 29202
  Phone: 803-699-0446
  Email: taygoinres@aol.com

• Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee Indians

  Post Office Box 1915
  Cumming, GA 30028
  Phone: 770-844-8139
  Email: GTECI@aol.com
  Email: lamarsneed4@aol.com

• Piedmont American Indian Association - Lower Eastern Cherokee Nation SC

  Chief Gene Norris
  Vice Chief Mary Louise Worthy
  3688 Warrior Creek Church Road
  Grey Court, SC 29645
  Phone: 864-683-1421
  Email: gvnorris@charter.net

SC Location, Territory

• Traditional: The foothills of northwestern South Carolina in Anderson, Cherokee, Greenville, Oconee, Pickens, and Spartanburg counties.
• Maps of Cherokee Nation

• Today: Various places in the state.

Related SC Names

• Town of Seneca in Oconee county
• Town of Tamassee in Oconee county
• Cherokee county
• Oconee county
• Chattooga River - Oconee county
• Tugaloo River - Oconee county

Population Estimates

• 1674: 50,000
• 1990: 308,000

History

• 4,000 years ago, ancestors of The Cherokee migrated from the American southwest to the Great Lakes region. After wars with the Delaware and Iroquois tribes of that area, the Cherokee made a permanent home in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and in South Carolina's foothills.

• First contact with white traders working in the Appalachian Mountains was made in the 1600s. The Cherokee traded deerskins for hammers, saws, other metal tools, glass, cloth, and firearms.

• The Cherokee fought 1689-1763 in the French and Indian Wars because of their alliances with the British.

• In 1821, Sequoyah, a Cherokee warrior and silversmith, introduced a written Cherokee language. Thousands of Cherokee become literate.

• The first Cherokee Constitution was adopted in 1827.

• The US Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This law forced the Cherokee and all other American Indian tribes to trade their ancestral lands for land in present-day Oklahoma.

• The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 by a small faction of Cherokees who favored relocation.

• Many thousands of Cherokee refused to abandon their homes and were forced to leave on foot by the US Army. This march, known as the Trail of Tears, took three to five months during 1838. It was estimated that 13,000 Cherokee started this journey and that at least one-fourth died of hunger and exhaustion. Approximately 1,000 Cherokee escaped the Trail of Tears by hiding and were eventually granted land in western North Carolina. They are now known as the Eastern Band of Cherokees.

• Today the Cherokee are presently the largest tribe of Native Americans in the United States. They boast large and prosperous reservations in Oklahoma and North Carolina, and there are smaller groups of Cherokee in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, South Carolina, and Texas.

Clothing

• Men – Loin cloth made of deerskin in summer; leggings, shirts and robes were added in winter. Men commonly decorated their bodies and faces with tattoos or paint.
• Women – Dresses made of deerskin with long, fringed petticoats underneath. Women rubbed their hair with bear grease and decorated it with red or yellow dust.

Dwellings

• Homes – Walls were built by weaving saplings (small trees) between large posts and then covering them with mud. This technique was called wattle (weaving the saplings) and daub (covering the frame with mud). Roofs were made of woven saplings covered with bark shingles.
• Villages – Contained a council house large enough to seat the 400 to 500 villagers, 30 to 60 homes, and a plaza or town square. The village was usually surrounded by a wall constructed of tall poles tied together.

Food

• Farming – Corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, melons, and other crops
• Fishing – ?
• Hunting – Bear, deer, and other wild game

Beliefs and Practices

• The Cherokee's primary deity, the creator, was called Yo wah or Ye ho waah.
• The Cherokee associated order with good and chaos with evil.
• The Cherokee held several large seasonal festivals, including the Busk or Green Corn Ceremony. This was a celebration of renewal held in late summer when the corn crop ripened. It was common among other southeastern tribes as well.
• Villages had two chiefs: a "white" chief who lead in times of peace and a "red" chief who lead in times of war.
• Though men were priests and chiefs, women played an important role in village politics and even participated in councils.
• How Cherokee viewed the Universe

Related Cherokee Indian Resources

• The Cherokees of South Carolina
• Eastern Band of Cherokee - North Carolina
• The Cherokee Nation - Oklahoma
• Cherokee Indians
• Lone Wolf Band of Cherokee Indians – Indiana
• History of the Cherokee
• Important Dates in Cherokee History
• Cherokee History by Lee Sultzman
• Powersource Native American Art & Education Center
• The Cherokee Phoenix - Newspaper
• Cherokee treaties with the U.S. (1785-1846) from Oklahoma State University Library Digital Publications
• Cherokee Language
• Cherokee Ancestry
• Brief History of the Cherokee of South Carolina - SCGenWeb
• Sequoyah's Cherokee Syllabary
• Hall, Loretta "Cherokee." Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Vol. 1. Eds.Sharon Malinowski and Anna Sheets. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998, pp. 380-89.
• Leitch, Brabara "Cherokee." A Concise Dictionary of Indian Tribes of North America. Algonac, MI: Reference Publications, 1979, pp. 87-90.
• Milling, Chapman J. Red Carolinians. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969, pp. 271-382.
• Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Instition Press, 1984, pp. 215-224.